PUZZLE USING C

#include"dos.h"

#include"math.h"

#include"stdio.h''

#include"conio.h"

#include"stdlib.h"

#include"graphics.h"

#define N 500

int function[35];

int strobe[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 };

int store[16] = { 2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2,2 };

int inputs[16];

int output=0,count=0,decieq,choice;

int driver=DETECT,mode;

/***********FUNCTIONS FOR BEGINING GUI***************/

struct stars

{

int x,y,x1,y1,z,c;

}STARS[N];

void init()

{

int i,t;

for(i=0;i

{

STARS[i].c=2;

STARS[i].x = random(640);

STARS[i].y = random(460);

STARS[i].x1= random(320);

STARS[i].y1= random(220);

t=random(325);

if(t==0)

STARS[i].z=t+random(25)+1;//TO AVOID ERROR(division by 0)

else

STARS[i].z=t;

}

}

void draw()

{

int i;

for(i=0;i

{

if(STARS[i].y<480)

putpixel(STARS[i].x,STARS[i].y,STARS[i].c);

}

}

void erase()

{

int i;

for(i=0;i

putpixel(STARS[i].x,STARS[i].y,0); //putting black

//color at stars position

}

/* if you use z+=2 stars will go away from you , but remember to

change the condition :-

if(STARS[i].z<1) z=""> to if(STARS[i].z>325) {STARS[i].z=1;} */

void move()

{

int i;

for(i=0;i

{

STARS[i].x=((STARS[i].x1 * 640)/STARS[i].z)+320;//320 x-origin

STARS[i].y=((STARS[i].y1 * 300)/STARS[i].z) +220;//220 y-origin

STARS[i].z-=2;

if(STARS[i].z<1)

STARS[i].z=325;

else if(STARS[i].z<162)

STARS[i].c=15;

else STARS[i].c=7;

}

}

void showstars()

{

int i;

init();

while(!kbhit())

{

setcolor(3); //3 for cyan

settextstyle(1,0,3);

outtextxy(230,5,"PROJECT ON");

settextstyle(10,0,3);

setcolor(i);

outtextxy(170,30,"MULTIPLEXERS");

setcolor(5);

settextstyle(1,0,3);

outtextxy(350,320,"Made by:-");

setcolor(i);

outtextxy(420,345,"Himanshu Sardana");

move();

draw();

delay(15);

erase();

i++;

}

closegraph();

restorecrtmode();

}

void welcome()

{

int i, j, x, y, color;

int MaxColors;

struct palettetype palette;

struct viewporttype vp;

int height, width;

initgraph(&driver,&mode,"f: cgi");

MaxColors = getmaxcolor() + 1;

textcolor(4+BLINK);

printf(" WELCOME");

textcolor(15);

getpalette( &palette );

setviewport(0,50,630,470,1);

getviewsettings( &vp );

width = (vp.right - vp.left) / 15; //width

height = (vp.bottom - vp.top) / 10; // height

x = y = 0; // Start in upper corner

color = 1; // Begin at 1st color

for( j=0 ; j<10>

{ // 10 rows of boxes

for( i=0 ; i<15>

{ // 15 columns

setfillstyle( SOLID_FILL, color++ );//Set the color

bar( x, y, x+width, y+height ); // Draw the box

x += width + 1; // Advance to next col

color = 1 + (color % (MaxColors - 2));// Set new color

} // End of i loop

x = 0; // Goto 1st column

y += height + 1; // Goto next row

} // End of j loop

while( !kbhit() ) // Until a key is hit

setpalette( 1+random(MaxColors - 2), random( 65 ) );

setallpalette( &palette );

getch();

closegraph();

restorecrtmode();

initgraph(&driver,&mode,"f: cgi");

showstars();

}

/*********Begining GUI ends.Text mode begins*********/

/**************MULTIPLEXER FUNCTIONS*****************/

void message(int num) //gives a message to user

{ //everytime select input is entered

printf("Only first %d select inputs considered.rest rejected(if

any)",num);

}

int check(int num) //For checking that a particular no.

{ //is present in function or not

int ctr2;

for(ctr2=0;ctr2

if(function[ctr2]==num)

return (1); //true

return(0); //false

}

void check_invalid_strobe(int ctr2) //for checking invalid select

input

{

if(strobe[ctr2]>1 || strobe[ctr2]<0)

{

printf("Invalid select input");

exit(2);

}

}

void decide_output(int count) //decides whether output is 1 or 0

{ //for normal mux implementation

int ctr2;

for(ctr2=0;ctr2

{

if(decieq==function[ctr2])

{

output = 1;

break;

}

}

}

void decide_complex_inputs(int num) //decides inputs of a Mux which

{ //implements a function of a

//higher

//level Mux

int ctr2;

for(ctr2=0;ctr2

{

if(check(ctr2))

{

if(check(ctr2+num))

inputs[ctr2]=1;

else

{

inputs[ctr2]=!(strobe[0]);

store[ctr2] = 0;

}

}

else

{

if(check(ctr2+num))

{

inputs[ctr2]=strobe[0];

store[ctr2] = 1;

}

else

inputs[ctr2]=0;

}

}

}

void display_complex_input(int num) //displays inputs of a Mux which

{ //implements a function of ahigher

//level Mux

int i;

for(i=0;i

{

if(store[i]==0)

printf("Input %d = %s(%d)",i,"a bar",inputs[i]);

else if(store[i]==1)

printf("Input %d = %c(%d)",i,'a',inputs[i]);

else

printf("Input %d = %d",i,inputs[i]);

}

}

void take_input(int num) //for taking select input in normal Mux

{

int ctr2;

printf("Enter the select input: ");

for(ctr2=0;ctr2

{

scanf("%d",&strobe[ctr2]);

check_invalid_strobe(ctr2);

}

}

void take_input_a(int num) //for taking input a in case of complex

{ //implementation of a function

printf("Enter the value of a(MSB of select input for %d:1) : ",num);

scanf("%d",&strobe[0]);

check_invalid_strobe(0);

printf("Only one value of MSB considered.rest rejected(if any)");

}

void take_complex_select_input(int num)

{

int ctr2;

printf("Enter the select input: ");

for(ctr2=1;ctr2

{

scanf("%d",&strobe[ctr2]);

check_invalid_strobe(ctr2);

}

printf("Only first %d select inputs considered.rest

rejected(ifany)",num-1);

printf("Press any key to continue....");

getch();

}

void display_output()

{

printf("Output is : %d",output);

printf("Input %d is selected as output.",decieq);

printf("Press any key to continue.....");

getch();

}

void display_complex_output()

{

output = inputs[decieq];

printf("Output is: %d",output);

printf("Input %d is selected as output.",decieq);

printf("Press any key to continue....");

getch();

}

void two_is_to_one()

{

take_input(1);

message(1);

decieq = strobe[0]*1;

decide_output(count);

display_output();

}

void four_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input(2);

message(2);

decieq = strobe[0]*2 + strobe[1]*1;

decide_output(count);

display_output();

}

void eight_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input(3);

message(3);

decieq = strobe[0]*4 + strobe[1]*2 + strobe[2]*1;

decide_output(count);

display_output();

}

void sixteen_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input(4);

message(4);

decieq = strobe[0]*8 + strobe[1]*4 + strobe[2]*2 + strobe[3]*1;

decide_output(count);

display_output();

}

void thirtytwo_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input(5);

message(5);

decieq = strobe[0]*16 + strobe[1]*8 + strobe[2]*4 + strobe[3]*2 +

strobe[4]*1;

decide_output(count);

display_output();

}

void complex_two_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input_a(4);

take_complex_select_input(2);

message(1);

decide_complex_inputs(2);

decieq = strobe[1]*1;

clrscr();

display_complex_input(2);

display_complex_output();

}

void complex_four_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input_a(8);

take_complex_select_input(3);

message(2);

decide_complex_inputs(4);

decieq = strobe[1]*2 + strobe[2]*1;

clrscr();

display_complex_input(4);

display_complex_output();

}

void complex_eight_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input_a(16);

take_complex_select_input(4);

message(3);

decide_complex_inputs(8);

decieq = strobe[1]*4 + strobe[2]*2 + strobe[3]*1;

clrscr();

display_complex_input(8);

display_complex_output();

}

void complex_sixteen_is_to_one()

{

int ctr2;

take_input_a(32);

take_complex_select_input(5);

message(4);

decide_complex_inputs(16);

decieq = strobe[1]*8 + strobe[2]*4 + strobe[3]*2 + strobe[4]*1;

clrscr();

display_complex_input(16);

display_complex_output();

}

/**********MULTIPLEXING FUNCTIONS END*******************/

/****************CIRCUIT GUI****************************/

void common_gui(int num)

{

int y[32],i,i2,k;

double j=log(num)/log(2);

char str[2];

int stepsize=((280+num*3)-180)/(j+1);

for(i=0;i<32;i++)

y[i]=80 + (i+1)*10;

initgraph(&driver,&mode,"f: cgi");

outtextxy(20,5,"RED: logic level 1");

outtextxy(250,5,"Press any key to continue.....");

outtextxy(20,15,"GREEN:logic level 0");

for(i=0;i

{

if(check(i))

{

setcolor(WHITE);

circle(150,y[i],2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);

floodfill(150,y[i],WHITE);

}

else

{

setcolor(15);

circle(150,y[i],2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);

floodfill(150,y[i],WHITE);

}

line(154,y[i],180,y[i]);

}

rectangle(180,40,280+num*3,y[i-1]+40);

line(280+num*3,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,280+3*num+40,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60);

if(output==1)

{

setcolor(15);

circle(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,4);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);

floodfill(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,WHITE);

}

else

{

setcolor(15);

circle(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,4);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);

floodfill(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 +60,WHITE);

}

outtextxy(280+num*3+50,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60," Y(Output = )");

itoa(output,str,10);

outtextxy(280+num*3+150,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,str);

itoa(num,str,10);

outtextxy(140,y[i-1]+72," Block Diagram of ");

outtextxy(290,y[i-1]+72,str);

outtextxy(293,y[i-1]+72," : 1 Mux");

outtextxy((280+num*3-180)/2 + 150,y[(i-1)/2],str);

outtextxy((280+num*3-180)/2 + 160,y[(i-1)/2]," : 1");

outtextxy((280+num*3-180)/2 + 150,y[(i-1)/2+2]," MUX");

outtextxy(280+num*3+170,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,"(I ");

itoa(decieq,str,10);

outtextxy(280+num*3+185,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,str);

outtextxy(280+num*3+192,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60," )");

outtextxy(130,y[0]-5,"I0");

itoa(num-1,str,10);

outtextxy(126,y[i-1],"I");

outtextxy(133,y[i-1],str);

for(i2=0;i2

for(k=0;k<20;k++)

{

line(180+(i2+1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+40,180+(i2+1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+60);

if(strobe[i2]==0)

{

setcolor(15);

circle(180+(i2+1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,2);

floodfill(180+(i2+1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,15);

}

else

{

setcolor(15);

circle(180+(i2+1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,4);

floodfill(180+(i2+1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,15);

}

}

outtextxy(185+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,"S0");

itoa(j-1,str,10);

outtextxy(162+stepsize,y[i-1]+62,"S ");

outtextxy(170+stepsize,y[i-1]+62,str);

if(num==2)

{

setcolor(0);

outtextxy(162+stepsize,y[i-1]+62,"S0");

setcolor(15);

}

getch();

}

void common_complex_gui(int num)

{

int y[32],i,i2,k;

double j=log(num)/log(2);

char str[2];

int stepsize=((280+num*3)-180)/(j+1);

for(i=0;i<32;i++)

y[i]=80 + (i+1)*10;

initgraph(&driver,&mode,"f: cgi");

outtextxy(20,5,"RED: logic level 1");

outtextxy(250,5,"Press anu key to continue.....");

outtextxy(20,15,"GREEN:logic level zero");

for(i=0;i

{

if(inputs[i]==1)

{

setcolor(WHITE);

circle(150,y[i],2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);

floodfill(150,y[i],WHITE);

}

else

{

setcolor(15);

circle(150,y[i],2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);

floodfill(150,y[i],WHITE);

}

line(154,y[i],180,y[i]);

}

rectangle(180,40,280+num*3,y[i-1]+40);

line(280+num*3,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,280+3*num+40,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60);

if(output==1)

{

setcolor(15);

circle(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,4);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,RED);

floodfill(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,WHITE);

}

else

{

setcolor(15);

circle(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,4);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,GREEN);

floodfill(280+num*3+44,(y[i-1]-40)/2 +60,WHITE);

}

outtextxy(280+num*3+50,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60," Y(Output = )");

itoa(output,str,10);

outtextxy(280+num*3+150,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,str);

itoa(num,str,10);

outtextxy(140,y[i-1]+72," Block Diagram of ");

outtextxy(290,y[i-1]+72,str);

outtextxy(293,y[i-1]+72," : 1 Mux");

outtextxy((280+num*3-180)/2 + 150,y[(i-1)/2],str);

outtextxy((280+num*3-180)/2 + 160,y[(i-1)/2]," : 1");

outtextxy((280+num*3-180)/2 + 150,y[(i-1)/2+2]," MUX");

outtextxy(280+num*3+170,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,"(I ");

itoa(decieq,str,10);

outtextxy(280+num*3+185,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60,str);

outtextxy(280+num*3+192,(y[i-1]-40)/2 + 60," )");

outtextxy(130,y[0]-5,"I0");

itoa(num-1,str,10);

outtextxy(126,y[i-1],"I");

outtextxy(133,y[i-1],str);

for(i2=1;i2<=j;i2++)

for(k=0;k<20;k++)

{

line(180+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+40,180+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+60);

if(strobe[i2]==0)

{

setcolor(15);

circle(180+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,2);

floodfill(180+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,15);

}

else

{

setcolor(15);

circle(180+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,2);

setfillstyle(SOLID_FILL,4);

floodfill(180+(i2)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,15);

}

}

outtextxy(185+(i2-1)*stepsize,y[i-1]+62,"S0");

itoa(j-1,str,10);

outtextxy(162+stepsize,y[i-1]+62,"S ");

outtextxy(170+stepsize,y[i-1]+62,str);

if(num==2)

{

setcolor(0);

outtextxy(162+stepsize,y[i-1]+62,"S0");

setcolor(15);

}

getch();

}

/************CIRCUIT GUI ENDS**********************/

/********************MAIN FUNCTION*****************/

void main()

{

int ctr=0;

welcome();

clrscr();

printf("Prog to implement a function using a multiplexer logic:-");

printf("Enter the function in minterms only.");

printf("Enter the function in form a b c d where a

printf("Press enter or provide spaces after each input.");

printf("Any value in input function cannot be repeated.");

printf("Enter the select input in form of 1's & 0's.");

printf("All the entered inputs are assumed to be high.");

printf("Maximun value of the minterm that can be accepted :31");

textcolor(4+BLINK);

textbackground(3);

cprintf("Press any key to continue.......");

textcolor(15);

textbackground(0);

getch();

printf("How many input will you provide: ");

scanf("%d",&count);

if(count>32)

{

printf("Invalid function input.inputs can't be greater than 32");

exit(1);

}

clrscr();

printf("Enter the function to be implemented : ");

for(ctr=0;ctr

{

scanf("%d",&function[ctr]);

if(function[ctr]>31)

{

printf("Invalid function input");

exit(1);

}

}

printf("Only first %d inputs considered.rest rejected(if any)",count);

fflush(stdin);

if(function[count-1] <= 1)

{

two_is_to_one();

common_gui(2);

}

else if(function[count-1] <= 3)

{

label1:

printf("Implement using:-1.)4:1 Mux2.)2:1 MuxEnter your choice?");

scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)

{

case 1: four_is_to_one();

common_gui(4);

break;

case 2: complex_two_is_to_one();

common_complex_gui(2);

break;

default : printf("Invalid choice");

goto label1;

}

}

else if(function[count-1] <= 7)

{

label2:

printf("Implement using:-1.)8:1 Mux 2.)4:1 Mux Enter your choice?");

scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)

{

case 1: eight_is_to_one();

common_gui(8);

break;

case 2: complex_four_is_to_one();

common_complex_gui(4);

break;

default : printf("Invalid choice");

goto label2;

}

}

else if(function[count-1] <= 15)

{

label3:

printf("Implement using:-1.)16:1 Mux2.)8:1 MuxEnter your choice?");

scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)

{

case 1: sixteen_is_to_one();

common_gui(16);

break;

case 2: complex_eight_is_to_one();

common_complex_gui(8);

break;

default : printf("Invalid choice");

goto label3;

}

}

else if(function[count-1] <= 31)

{

label4:

printf("Implement using:-1.)32:1 Mux2.)16:1 MuxEnter your choice?");

scanf("%d",&choice);

switch(choice)

{

case 1: thirtytwo_is_to_one();

common_gui(32);

break;

case 2: complex_sixteen_is_to_one();

common_complex_gui(16);

break;

default : printf("Invalid choice");

goto label4;

}

}

getch();

}

/**************MAIN FUNCTION

ENDS****************************************/

PROGRAM FOR IMPLEMENTING IO STREAMS IN C++

#include"iostream.h"
#include"conio.h"
#include"math.h"
int main()
{
int count=0;
char c;
char name[20];
clrscr();
cout<< "\n\n-------------Get() & put() Function--------\n\n";
cout<< "INPUT Text\n";
cin.get(c);
while(c!='\n')
{
cout.put(c);
count++;
cin.get(c);
}
cout<< "\n\n No. of characters="<< count <<"\n";

cout<<"\n\n-------Getline() & Write Function()-------\n\n";
cout<<"Enter name\n";

cin.getline(name,10);
cout<<"Printing name with Write() size 5 characters \n\n";
cout.write(name,5);

cout<< "\n\n------------Width() Dunction--------\n\n";
cout<< "ITEMS";
cout.width(8);
cout<< "COST";
cout.width(15);
cout<<"Total Value"<<"\n";

cout<<"\n\n-------Precision() Function--------\n";
cout.precision(5);
cout<< sqrt(3) << "\n";

cout<< "\n\n------Fill() Function \n";
cout.fill('$');
cout.width(15);
cout<< "SAI";

getch();
return 0;
}

TEMPLATES FOR CONSTRUCTORS...VECTOR PROGRAM

include
#include
const size=3;
template <>
class vector
{
T *v;
public:
vector()
{
v=new T[size];
for(int i=0;i < i="0;iv[i]*y.v[i];
return sum;
}};
int main()
{
clrscr();
float x[3]={1.1,2.2,3.3};
float y[3]={4.4,5.5,6.6};
vector <> v1;
vector <> v2;
v1=x;
v2=y;
float r=v1*v2;
cout<<"r="<<<"\n";
getch();
return 0;
}

//virtual functions usin c++

#include"iostream.h"
class Base
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"\n Display base";
}
virtual void show()
{
cout<<"\n show base";
}
};
class Derived : public Base
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<"\n Display derived";
}
void show()
{
cout<<"\n show derived";
}
};
int main()
{
Base B;
Derived D;
Base *bptr;
cout<<"\n bptr points to Base \n";
bptr=&B;
bptr->display(); //calls Base version
bptr->show(); //calls Base version

cout<<"\n\n bptr points to Derived \n";
bptr=&D;
bptr->display(); //calls Base version
bptr->show(); //calls Derived version

return 0;
}

// function overloading usin c++

#include"iostream.h"

//Declarations (prototypes)

int volume(int);
double volume(double, int);
long volume(long, int, int);

int main()
{
cout<< volume(10) <<"\n";
cout<< volume(2.5,8) <<"\n";
cout<< volume(100L,75,15) <<"\n";

return 0;
}

//Function definitions

int volume(int s) //cube
{
return(s*s*s);
}
double volume(double r, int h) //cylinder
{
return(3.14519*r*h);
}
long volume(long l, int b, int h) //rectangular box
{
return(l*b*h);
}

// Virtual Base class

#include"iostream.h"

class student
{
protected:
int roll_number;
public:
void get_number(int a)
{
roll_number=a;
}
void put_number(void)
{
cout<<"Roll No:"< }
};

class test:virtual public student
{
protected:
float part1,part2;
public:
void get_marks(float x, float y)
{
part1=x;
part2=y;
}
void put_marks(void)
{
cout<<"Marks obtained:"<<"\n"<<"Part1="< }
};

class sports : public virtual student
{
protected:
float score;
public:
void get_score(float s)
{
score=s;
}
void put_score(void)
{
cout<<"Sports wt:"< }
};

class result:public test, public sports
{
float total;
public:
void display(void);
};

void result::display(void)
{
total=part1+part2+score;

put_number();
put_marks();
put_score();

cout<<"Total Score:"<}

int main()
{
result student_1;
student_1.get_number(678);
student_1.get_marks(30.5,25.5);
student_1.get_score(7.0);
student_1.display();
return 0;
}

//Runtime polymorphism c++

#include"iostream.h"
#include"string.h"
#include"conio.h"
class media
{
protected:
char title[50];
float price;
public:
media(char *s,float a)
{
strcpy(title,s);
price=a;
}
virtual void display() { } //empty vitual function
};

class book:public media
{
int pages;
public:
book(char *s, float a, int p):media(s,a)
{
pages=p;
}
void display();
};
class tape:public media
{
float time;
public:
tape(char *s, float a, float t):media(s,a)
{
time=t;
}
void display();
};
void book::display()
{
cout<<"\n Title:"< cout<<"\n Pages:"< cout<<"\n Price:"<}
void tape::display()
{
cout<<"\n Title:"< cout<<"\n Play time:"< cout<<"\n price:"<}
int main()
{
char *title=new char[30];
float price, time;
int pages;

clrscr();

//Books details
cout<<"\n Enter Book Details\n";
cout<<"Title:";
cin>>title;
cout<<"Price :";
cin>>price;
cout<<"Pages:";
cin>>pages;

book book1(title,price,pages);

//tape Details
cout<<"\n Enter Tape Details\n";
cout<<"Title:";
cin>>title;
cout<<"Price:";
cin>>price;
cout<<"Play time (mins):";
cin>>time;

tape tape1(title,price,time);

media*list[2];
list[0]=&book1;
list[1]=&tape1;
cout<<"\n Media Details:";
cout<<"\n.........BOOK........";
list[0]->display();

cout<<"\n.....TAPE.....";
list[1]->display();
getch();
return 0;
}